​Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is a condition characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Although the neuroscience of OCD is not completely understood, in this video I discuss one supported perspective on what happens in the brain to cause the obsessions and compulsions that occur in OCD.

For a more in-depth discussion of the neuroscience of OCD (on my website), click this link: https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd

TRANSCRIPT:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is a condition characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent unwanted thoughts, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts often performed in response to obsessions, typically with the goal of reducing anxiety and discomfort. It’s important to note that OCD is often very distressing, and is not just a preference for orderliness, as the term is sometimes used to imply.

The neuroscience of OCD is not completely understood, and it’s likely that different neural circuits may be involved based on a person’s age and symptom profile, among other factors. One supported perspective on the neuroscience of OCD, however, points to a prominent role for circuits that connect the orbitofrontal cortex with a group of structures called the basal ganglia. According to this perspective, increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with a heightened focus on concerns that spawn obsessive thoughts. When the orbitofrontal cortex is activated in response to something the brain perceives as a danger or concern, it communicates with the basal ganglia. A simplified version of basal ganglia circuitry suggests it consists of two opposing pathways: an excitatory pathway called the direct pathway, and an inhibitory pathway called the indirect pathway. When the orbitofrontal cortex sends a signal to the basal ganglia, it often leads to an action designed to alleviate the discomfort caused by the perceived danger; that action is mediated by the direct pathway. In a healthy person, the indirect pathway then inhibits further action. In someone with OCD, however, the direct pathway is over-excitable, drowning out the activity of the indirect pathway and causing a difficult time switching to a different behavior or turning focus away from the concern causing the discomfort. Thus, according to this model, overactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and the direct pathway of the basal ganglia increases the occurrence of both obsessions and compulsions.

REFERENCES:

Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Dec 1;2(12):a009621. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009621. PMID: 23071379; PMCID: PMC3543080.

Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014 Jun;15(6):410-24. doi: 10.1038/nrn3746. PMID: 24840803.

Saxena S, Rauch SL. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000 Sep;23(3):563-86. doi: 10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70181-7. PMID: 10986728.

Stein DJ, Costa DLC, Lochner C, Miguel EC, Reddy YCJ, Shavitt RG, van den Heuvel OA, Simpson HB. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Aug 1;5(1):52. doi: 10.1038/s41572-019-0102-3. PMID: 31371720; PMCID: PMC7370844.

Our identities, societies, and health are all mixed together in cool, weird, and often deeply unfair ways. One of the big factors that comes out of that mix is stress. Stress impacts our health in a number of ways. In this episode of Crash Course Public Health, we’re going to go beyond the basics and look at the ways society affects our stress, which in turn impacts our health.

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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHJiQ1njj5jWJC1YLDBzQgKC1QfnVgqJbbpK6qs7ekA/edit?usp=sharing

Chapters:
Introduction: Society and Your Health 00:00
Health Literacy 2:05
Stress 3:45
Measuring Stress 6:26
Adverse Childhood Experiences 7:36
Identity and Health 8:51
Review & Credits 11:31

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The WORST injury in Man Utd vs Liverpool history 🤯

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Alan Smith leg break

Worst injuries

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Dr. Ebraheim’s educational animated video describes the conditions of arthritis of the fingers

Arthritis of the Fingers
Diagnosing arthritis of the fingers can be difficult. Arthritis can affect any joint in the body but it is commonly seen in the joints of the fingers. The different types of arthritis and the pattern of joint involvement include osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gouty arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis. Heberden’s nodes are hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) and may or may not be painful. Heberden’s nodes are caused by the formation of osteophytes due to repeated trauma at the joint and usually occurs during middle age. Bouchard’s nodes are bony growths that can form on the proximal interphalangeal joints of the finger (PIP). Bouchard’s nodes, like Heberden’s nodes, may or may not be painful. Bouchard’s nodes are typically associated with limited motion of the affected joint. Mucous cysts are small, fluid-filled sacs that form between the DIP joint of the finger and the bottom of the fingernail. The best treatment is surgical excision of the cyst and removal of the underlying osteophyte to decrease the risk of recurrence. It is an anti-inflammatory form of arthritis, and it is sometimes mistaken for osteoarthritis. Dactylitis is also referred to as “sausage digit”. It is inflammation of the entire digit. Sausage fingers is a major finding of psoriatic arthritis. Nail pitting is small depressions in the finger nails, and it is most common in people who have psoriasis. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis that is sometimes called “gouty arthritis”. Gouty arthritis will mimic infection and may develop in people who have high levels of uric acid in the blood. The uric acid can form needle like crystals in the joint and cause pain, tenderness, swelling, and tenosynovitis. Periarticular erosions seen on x-ray may also be present with gout of the finger joints. Periarticular erosions are usually multiple and bilateral with sclerotic borders. In juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, it is ANA positive in 30% of the time. Rheumatoid factor is negative in a child and later on it may become positive, and there is shortened digits. Polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects five or more joints; it is polyarticular in about 30%. Pauciarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis that affects less than five joints; it is pauciarticular in about 50%. In pauciarticular onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, check the iris of the eye for iridocyclitis. In polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis, check cervical spine for subaxial instability. Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand occurs more in females than in males. Rheumatoid arthritis has spontaneous remissions and exacerbations. The disease can have a systemic nature. Rheumatoid arthritis is typically poly-articular, bilateral and symmetrical, and most commonly affects the hands and feet. The patient complains of pain and stiffness of the joints, especially in the morning (morning stiffness). X-rays show periarticular erosions at the time of diagnosis. Osteopenia and minimal osteophyte formation favor the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Early (acute) rheumatoid arthritis has symptoms of hot, swollen, tender joints (synovitis). Complicated rheumatoid arthritis has symptoms of digital vasculitis, ecchymosis, skin atrophy, and nodules. Advanced rheumatoid arthritis has symptoms of swelling of the MCP joint, lateral slippage of extensor tendons and tendon ruptures, ulnar deviation of fingers, and x-ray shows destruction of the MCP joints with subluxation, ulnar deviation, and wrist destruction. Finger deformities include mallet finger, boutonniere, and swan neck. The thumb is also involved. These changes occur due to proliferation, inflammation and hypertrophy of the synovium. Involvement of the distal radioulnar joint is usually associated with rupture of the extensor digiti minimi.

0:00 Introduction
0:07 Arthritis of the Fingers
0:47 Osteoarthritis
2:03 Psoriatic Arthritis
2:44 Gouty Arthritis
3:33 Rheumatoid Arthritis
5:52 Rheumatoid Manifestations in the Hand
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Web Breaks down Manchester Unityed’s Injury Situation and POSSIBLE FULL SQUAD In EARLY January #manchesterunited #premierleague #football

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One in 10 Singapore teenagers suffers from at least one mental illness, such as depressive disorders. This is among findings from a nationwide study carried out against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic to understand the mental health and resilience of youths aged 10 to 18. It also showed that six per cent of the respondents had improved from a previous mental disorder on-year. Read more: https://cna.asia/3LvnXx7

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The Health Ministry is always on the alert for any possible new pandemic, including the so-called “Disease X” from an as-yet-undiscovered pathogen, says Dr Zaliha Mustafa.

The Health Minister told reporters on Monday (Sept 25) that the World Health Organisation will alert its member countries should there be any outbreak of a new disease.

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Arthritis Foods to Avoid | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Joint pain | worst foods for arthritis | worst food for rheumatoid arthritis

0:00 Why food is important in Arthritis
0:43 Inflammatory Fats
2:36 Added Sugar
3:01 Nightshades for Arthritis patient
3:46 Foods High in AGEs
4:56 Gluten containing foods
5:36 Purine rich foods
6:15 High-salt foods

Foods play an important role in arthritis because they can either help reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, or exacerbate inflammation and make symptoms worse. Arthritis is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, and certain foods can either promote or reduce inflammation in the body, which can affect arthritis symptoms.

If you have arthritis or joint pain, then you should avoid these foods that can aggravate inflammation and joint pain.

1. Inflammatory fats.

Several types of fat increase inflammation in the body.

Several oils, such as corn, safflower, sunflower, and vegetable, contain high levels of omega six fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids are not harmful in moderation, but excessive consumption can aggravate joint pain.

In the video we have share few foods which contains high saturated fats and should be avoided.

2. Full-fat dairy products, such as whole milk, butter, and cheese
Tropical oils, such as coconut oil and palm oil

In the video we have share few foods and dairy product which contains high saturated fats and should be avoided.

3. Added sugar:

Many products contain added sugars. So, always check food labels of breakfast cereals, sauces, and soft drinks, as these may contain surprising amounts of added sugars.

4. Nightshades:

Nightshades are a group of vegetables that contain the compound solanine. It is a natural toxic compound that acts as a natural pesticide, protecting these plants from insects, fungi, and other threats.

Different studies have different opinion about the nightshade vegetables. Some say it can trigger inflammation, but others say it can actually reduce inflammation.

So, what to do? Watch our video to know more on this.

5. High AGE foods:

Advanced glycation end products or AGEs are molecules, created through reactions between sugars and proteins or fats. They naturally exist in uncooked animal foods and are formed through certain cooking methods.

We have discussed in detail about high AGEs foods in our video.

6. Gluten containing foods.

Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley, and it is known to trigger an immune response in individuals with celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is also an autoimmune disease.

It Is seen that gluten containing foods can aggravate inflammation and joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis.

But, if you have osteoarthritis then you probably don’t have to worry about that. Watch our video to know more on this.

7. High-salt foods.

Excessive salt, or sodium, intake may increase the risk of developing autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis. It may also worsen the symptoms.

People should keep their sodium intake below 2,300 milligrams per day which is about 1 teaspoon of salt.

If you have arthritis, a healthy diet and lifestyle may help improve your symptoms.
Keep in mind that lifestyle factors like your activity level, body weight, and smoking status are also vital to managing arthritis.

Hope you find our video helpful. Don’t forget to subscribe the channel.

#arthritis
#jointpain
#rheumatoidarthritis
#jointhealth

Medical disclaimer: Medinaz Academy does not provide medical advice. The content available in our books and videos, on our website, or on our social media handles do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. We intend to provide educational information only. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

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Hidradenitis suppurativa, or HS – also known as acne inversa or Verneuil’s disease – is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that presents with painful pustules in the skin folds. It occurs when hair follicles get trapped in their pores, causing painful, inflamed nodules, skin tunneling, and severe scar formation.

We’re breaking down the history of HS, its pathology and symptoms, staging of severity, causes and epidemiology, and how to treat patients with HS.

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1:17 Pathology & Symptoms
3:26 Diagnosis
4:44 Staging
5:18 Causes & Epidemiology
5:55 Treatment
6:42 Summary

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Mayo Clinic dermatologists are experts in diagnosing and treating people with hidradenitis suppurativa, even those with the most severe disease. You may benefit from an appointment with the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinic at Mayo’s campuses in Arizona and Minnesota.

The providers in the Hidradenitis Suppurativa care team works with patients to develop an individualized care plan based on specific needs. The care team works with each patient to coordinate care with other medical specialists if needed, including, but not limited to, Dermatology Surgery, Mayo Clinic Surgical Specialties (plastic surgery, colorectal surgery, general surgery), Mayo Clinic Medical Specialties (gastroenterology, endocrinology, psychiatry & psychology), dietitians, pharmacists, and pain management.

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In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank takes a look at how the treatment for psychological disorders has changed over the last hundred years and who is responsible for getting us on the path to getting us here.

Want more videos about psychology? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych

—
Chapters:
Asylums 00:00
David Rosenhan’s Pseudopatient Experiments 0:43
How do we classify psychological disorders? 2:29
Psychological Disorders 3:26
Deviant Thoughts & Behaviors 4:06
Distress & Dysfunction 4:53
Medical Model of Psychological Disorder 5:20
Biopsychological Approach to Psychological Disorders 6:12
The DSM-5 7:09
Review & Credits 9:25
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In this video I discuss the psychological components of stress and how we can become stressed from the anticipation of threats. Psychological stressors are especially dangerous because they have the potential to become chronic stressors which constantly plague us. Next I discuss the relationship between stress and peptic ulcers, including Barry Marshall and Robin Warren’s Nobel prize-winning research on the Helicobacter pylori bacteria and gastritis. This example demonstrates how chronic stress can cause the expression or worsening of symptoms by suppressing the immune system.

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