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This video talks about the Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment of H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) infection. H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis).
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H Pylori is one of the most common infections in the world and can cause ulcers or even stomach cancer if untreated.
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Chapters
0:00 Introduction
0:32 Complications of Helicobacter Pylori
1:10 Symptoms of Helicobacter pylori
2:16 Causes of Helicobacter pylori
2:32 Risk factors of Helicobacter pylori
2:50 Treatment of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral (helical) bacterium usually found in the stomach.[5] Its helical shape (from which the genus name, helicobacter, derives) is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach and thereby establish infection.[7][8] The bacterium was first identified in 1982 by Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[9][10][11] H. pylori has been associated with lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach, esophagus, colon, rectum, or tissues around the eye (termed extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the cited organ),[12][13] and of lymphoid tissue in the stomach (termed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma).[14]
H. pylori infection usually has no symptoms but sometimes causes gastritis (stomach inflammation) or ulcers of the stomach or first part of the small intestine. The infection is also associated with the development of certain cancers occurring in less than 20% of cases.[15] Many investigators have suggested that H. pylori causes or prevents a wide range of other diseases, but many of these relationships remain controversial.[16][17][18][19]
Some studies suggest that H. pylori plays an important role in the natural stomach ecology, e.g. by influencing the type of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract.[15][18] Other studies suggest that non-pathogenic strains of H. pylori may beneficially normalize stomach acid secretion,[20] and regulate appetite.[20]
In 2015, it was estimated that over 50% of the world’s population had H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tracts[6] with this infection (or colonization) being more common in developing countries.[4] In recent decades, however, the prevalence of H. pylori colonization of the gastrointestinal tract has declined in many countries.[21] Up to 90% of people infected with H. pylori never experience symptoms or complications.[22] However, individuals infected with H. pylori have a 10% to 20% lifetime risk of developing peptic ulcers.[23][24] Acute infection may appear as an acute gastritis with abdominal pain (stomach ache) or nausea.[3] Where this develops into chronic gastritis, the symptoms, if present, are often those of non-ulcer dyspepsia: Stomach pains, nausea, bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting.[25][26] Pain typically occurs when the stomach is empty, between meals, and in the early morning hours, but it can also occur at other times. Less common ulcer symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.
Bleeding in the stomach can also occur as evidenced by the passage of black stools; prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue. If bleeding is heavy, hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena may occur. Inflammation of the pyloric antrum, which connects the stomach to the duodenum, is more likely to lead to duodenal ulcers, while inflammation of the corpus (i.e. body of the stomach) is more likely to lead to gastric ulcers.[27][28] Individuals infected with H. pylori may also develop colorectal[29][30] or gastric[31] polyps, i.e. non-cancerous growths of tissue projecting from the mucous membranes of these organs. Usually, these polyps are asymptomatic but gastric polyps may be the cause of dyspepsia, heartburn, bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, and, rarely, gastric outlet obstruction[31] while colorectal polyps may be the cause of rectal bleeding, anemia, constipation, diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain.[32]
Individuals with chronic H. pylori infection have an increased risk of acquiring a cancer that is directly related to this infection.[12][13][23][24] These cancers are stomach adenocarcinoma, less commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach,[14] or extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the stomach,[33][34] or, more rarely, of the colon,[13][34] rectum,[35] esophagus,[36] or ocular adenexa (i.e. orbit, conjunctiva, and/or eyelids).[37][38] The signs, symptoms, pathophysiology, and diagnoses of these cancers are given in the cited linkages.
Just wanted to address this, as I’m sure many are experiencing the emotional side of H Pylori and the negative effects it can have outside of just physical pain. You are not alone in this!
Gastric Juice is hostile for many bacteria, but it is home of helicobacter pylori, which is the main culprit behind gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Helicobacter pylori are spiral-shaped gram-negative bacteria with long flagella. It’s believed that the infection is acquired through faeco-oral or oral-oral routes. Since poor hygiene is a major risk factor, it’s more common in developing countries.
How does it survive the gastric acid?
• The stomach has four parts: Cardia, fundus, body, and antrum. Body and fundus mainly secrete gastric acid. But the antrum secretes the gastrin hormone, and mucus which has a basic Ph value due to bicarbonate.
• The mucosa of the antrum contains many gastric pits.
• Helicobacter pylori colonize these pits by adhering to gastric epithelial cells.
• It is protected from above by the mucus layer secreted by the antrum.
• Additionally, helicobacter pylori have an enzyme called urease. It converts Urea into ammonia which neutralizes the acidity of gastric juice.
• In short, Urease and the mucus secreted by the gastric antrum saves Helicobacter pylori from gastric acid.
The bacteria release various enzymes and cytotoxic proteins which damage the gastric epithelium and cause inflammation. The inflammation of gastric mucosa is called gastritis. When the damage is so severe and breaks the entire mucosa, it’s called peptic ulcers. If untreated Helicobacter pylori can even cause gastric carcinoma.
Peptic ulcers can be either in the stomach or in the duodenum. Although H.pylori lives in the gastric antrum, ulcers are more commonly seen in the duodenum. Peptic ulcers are characterized by recurrent burning type pain in the epigastric area of the abdomen. It may be associated with nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss.
Non-invasive tests like Urea breath test and Stool antigen tests are reliable with good sensitivity and specificity. The serum antibody levels test is another non-invasive test. But it’s weaker than the former two. Invasive tests are done with upper GI endoscopy. Biopsy samples from the stomach lining are taken and to carry out staining, culture, and biopsy urease tests or CLO test.
Eradication with triple therapy is the treatment of choice for helicobacter pylori. It comprises two antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor. They are given for a period of one to two weeks. Video Rating: / 5
Helicobacter pylori infection can be clinically challenging, especially with the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria, and the numerous diagnostic and therapeutic options available. Dr. Amy Oxentenko offers a simplified approach to the diagnosis and treatment of H pylori infection, and discusses ongoing research to explore new potential treatment options for H pylori infection. To learn more, visit https://mayocl.in/2Nz8cIz
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This helicobactor pylori pathogenesis lecture explains the signs and symptoms of helicobacter pylori infections like gastric ulcer and stomach upset.
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Dr. Susan Levenstein discusses her manuscript “Psychological Stress Increases Risk for Peptic Ulcer, Regardless of Helicobacter pylori Infection or Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.” To view abstract http://bit.ly/1Dk7ZLt.
